[1]
Zafar SF,Subramaniam T,Osman G,Herlopian A,Struck AF, Electrographic seizures and ictal-interictal continuum (IIC) patterns in critically ill patients. Epilepsy
[PubMed PMID: 32222672]
[3]
Der-Nigoghossian C,Rubinos C,Alkhachroum A,Claassen J, Status epilepticus - time is brain and treatment considerations. Current opinion in critical care. 2019 Dec;
[PubMed PMID: 31524720]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[4]
Al-Faraj AO,Abdennadher M,Pang TD, Diagnosis and Management of Status Epilepticus. Seminars in neurology. 2021 Oct;
[PubMed PMID: 34619776]
[6]
Walker MC, Pathophysiology of status epilepticus. Neuroscience letters. 2018 Feb 22;
[PubMed PMID: 28011391]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[7]
Noe KH,Manno EM, Mechanisms underlying status epilepticus. Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998). 2005 Apr;
[PubMed PMID: 16034490]
[8]
Wittman JJ Jr,Hirsch LJ, Continuous electroencephalogram monitoring in the critically ill. Neurocritical care. 2005;
[PubMed PMID: 16159085]
[10]
Pohlmann-Eden B,Hoch DB,Cochius JI,Chiappa KH, Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges--a critical review. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 1996 Nov;
[PubMed PMID: 8978624]
[11]
Gaspard N,Manganas L,Rampal N,Petroff OA,Hirsch LJ, Similarity of lateralized rhythmic delta activity to periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in critically ill patients. JAMA neurology. 2013 Oct;
[PubMed PMID: 23921464]
[12]
Fung FW,Parikh DS,Massey SL,Fitzgerald MP,Vala L,Donnelly M,Jacobwitz M,Kessler SK,Topjian AA,Abend NS, Periodic and rhythmic patterns in critically ill children: Incidence, interrater agreement, and seizures. Epilepsia. 2021 Dec;
[PubMed PMID: 34642942]
[13]
Foreman B,Claassen J,Abou Khaled K,Jirsch J,Alschuler DM,Wittman J,Emerson RG,Hirsch LJ, Generalized periodic discharges in the critically ill: a case-control study of 200 patients. Neurology. 2012 Nov 6;
[PubMed PMID: 23035068]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[14]
Hirsch LJ,Fong MWK,Leitinger M,LaRoche SM,Beniczky S,Abend NS,Lee JW,Wusthoff CJ,Hahn CD,Westover MB,Gerard EE,Herman ST,Haider HA,Osman G,Rodriguez-Ruiz A,Maciel CB,Gilmore EJ,Fernandez A,Rosenthal ES,Claassen J,Husain AM,Yoo JY,So EL,Kaplan PW,Nuwer MR,van Putten M,Sutter R,Drislane FW,Trinka E,Gaspard N, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology: 2021 Version. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2021 Jan 1;
[PubMed PMID: 33475321]
[15]
Billnitzer A,Kaplan PW, Generalized Periodic Discharges With Triphasic Morphology in the Setting of Aztreonam Neurotoxicity. Clinical EEG and neuroscience. 2021 Jan;
[PubMed PMID: 32401538]
[16]
Triplett JD,Lawn ND,Chan J,Dunne JW, Cephalosporin-related neurotoxicity: Metabolic encephalopathy or non-convulsive status epilepticus? Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2019 Sep;
[PubMed PMID: 31201049]
[17]
Fernández-Torre JL,Kaplan PW, Triphasic Waves: Historical Overview of an Unresolved Mystery. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2021 Sep 1;
[PubMed PMID: 34155180]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[18]
Kaplan PW,Gélisse P,Sutter R, An EEG Voyage in Search of Triphasic Waves-The Sirens and Corsairs on the Encephalopathy/EEG Horizon: A Survey of Triphasic Waves. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2021 Sep 1;
[PubMed PMID: 34155177]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[19]
Bhatt AB,Popescu A,Waterhouse EJ,Abou-Khalil BW, De novo generalized periodic discharges related to anesthetic withdrawal resolve spontaneously. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2014 Jun;
[PubMed PMID: 24887600]
[20]
Lin L,Drislane FW, Lateralized Periodic Discharges: A Literature Review. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2018 May;
[PubMed PMID: 29718828]
[21]
Yerram S,Katyal N,Sarwal A,George P,Newey CR, Lateralized Periodic Discharges are Predictive of Seizures in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 2019 Oct-Dec;
[PubMed PMID: 31736561]
[22]
Dhakar MB,Sheikh Z,Kumari P,Lawson EC,Jeanneret V,Desai D,Rodriguez Ruiz A,Haider HA, Epileptiform Abnormalities in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Impact on Clinical Management and Outcomes. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2022 Sep 1;
[PubMed PMID: 33298681]
[23]
Fitzpatrick W,Lowry N, PLEDs: clinical correlates. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques. 2007 Nov;
[PubMed PMID: 18062453]
[24]
Lee H,Mizrahi MA,Hartings JA,Sharma S,Pahren L,Ngwenya LB,Moseley BD,Privitera M,Tortella FC,Foreman B, Continuous Electroencephalography After Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Critical care medicine. 2019 Apr;
[PubMed PMID: 30624278]
[25]
Hansen HC,Zschocke S,Stürenburg HJ,Kunze K, Clinical changes and EEG patterns preceding the onset of periodic sharp wave complexes in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta neurologica Scandinavica. 1998 Feb;
[PubMed PMID: 9517859]
[26]
Esteban JC,Atarés B,Zarranz JJ,Velasco F,Lambarri I, Dementia, amyotrophy, and periodic complexes on the electroencephalogram: a diagnostic challenge. Archives of neurology. 2001 Oct;
[PubMed PMID: 11594927]
[27]
Orta DS,Chiappa KH,Quiroz AZ,Costello DJ,Cole AJ, Prognostic implications of periodic epileptiform discharges. Archives of neurology. 2009 Aug;
[PubMed PMID: 19667220]
[28]
Gaspard N,Hirsch LJ, Pitfalls in ictal EEG interpretation: critical care and intracranial recordings. Neurology. 2013 Jan 1;
[PubMed PMID: 23267042]
[29]
Struck AF,Osman G,Rampal N,Biswal S,Legros B,Hirsch LJ,Westover MB,Gaspard N, Time-dependent risk of seizures in critically ill patients on continuous electroencephalogram. Annals of neurology. 2017 Aug;
[PubMed PMID: 28681492]
[30]
Gelisse P,Crespel A,Genton P,Jallon P,Kaplan PW, Lateralized Periodic Discharges: Which patterns are interictal, ictal, or peri-ictal? Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2021 Jul;
[PubMed PMID: 34034086]
[31]
Husain AM,Mebust KA,Radtke RA, Generalized periodic epileptiform discharges: etiologies, relationship to status epilepticus, and prognosis. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 1999 Jan;
[PubMed PMID: 10082092]
[32]
Yemisci M,Gurer G,Saygi S,Ciger A, Generalised periodic epileptiform discharges: clinical features, neuroradiological evaluation and prognosis in 37 adult patients. Seizure. 2003 Oct;
[PubMed PMID: 12967574]
[33]
Traub RD,Pedley TA, Virus-induced electrotonic coupling: hypothesis on the mechanism of periodic EEG discharges in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Annals of neurology. 1981 Nov;
[PubMed PMID: 6272624]
[34]
Kalamangalam GP,Slater JD, Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharges and Afterdischarges: Common Dynamic Mechanisms. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2015 Aug;
[PubMed PMID: 25710632]
[35]
Witsch J,Frey HP,Schmidt JM,Velazquez A,Falo CM,Reznik M,Roh D,Agarwal S,Park S,Connolly ES,Claassen J, Electroencephalographic Periodic Discharges and Frequency-Dependent Brain Tissue Hypoxia in Acute Brain Injury. JAMA neurology. 2017 Mar 1;
[PubMed PMID: 28097330]
[36]
Struck AF,Westover MB,Hall LT,Deck GM,Cole AJ,Rosenthal ES, Metabolic Correlates of the Ictal-Interictal Continuum: FDG-PET During Continuous EEG. Neurocritical care. 2016 Jun;
[PubMed PMID: 27169855]
[37]
Vespa P,Tubi M,Claassen J,Buitrago-Blanco M,McArthur D,Velazquez AG,Tu B,Prins M,Nuwer M, Metabolic crisis occurs with seizures and periodic discharges after brain trauma. Annals of neurology. 2016 Apr;
[PubMed PMID: 26814699]
[38]
Sakakibara E,Takahashi Y,Murata Y,Taniguchi G,Sone D,Watanabe M, Chronic periodic lateralised epileptic discharges and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape. 2014 Jun;
[PubMed PMID: 24777148]
[39]
Sully KE,Husain AM, Generalized Periodic Discharges: A Topical Review. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2018 May;
[PubMed PMID: 29718829]
[41]
Spalletti M,Pescini F,Gadda D,Piccardi B,Scarpino M,Carrai R,Boccardi C,Grippo A,Amantini A, A multimodal diagnostic approach for lateralised rhythmic delta activity in the ictal-interictal continuum. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape. 2020 Jun 1;
[PubMed PMID: 32554363]
[42]
Hughes JR, Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges: Do they represent an ictal pattern requiring treatment? Epilepsy
[PubMed PMID: 20554251]
[43]
Claassen J, How I treat patients with EEG patterns on the ictal-interictal continuum in the neuro ICU. Neurocritical care. 2009 Dec;
[PubMed PMID: 19851892]
[44]
Sivaraju A,Gilmore EJ, Understanding and Managing the Ictal-Interictal Continuum in Neurocritical Care. Current treatment options in neurology. 2016 Feb;
[PubMed PMID: 26874841]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[45]
Rubinos C,Reynolds AS,Claassen J, The Ictal-Interictal Continuum: To Treat or Not to Treat (and How)? Neurocritical care. 2018 Aug;
[PubMed PMID: 29139014]
[46]
Koren J,Herta J,Draschtak S,Pötzl G,Pirker S,Fürbass F,Hartmann M,Kluge T,Baumgartner C, Prediction of rhythmic and periodic EEG patterns and seizures on continuous EEG with early epileptiform discharges. Epilepsy
[PubMed PMID: 25982266]
[47]
Glauser T,Shinnar S,Gloss D,Alldredge B,Arya R,Bainbridge J,Bare M,Bleck T,Dodson WE,Garrity L,Jagoda A,Lowenstein D,Pellock J,Riviello J,Sloan E,Treiman DM, Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children and Adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy currents. 2016 Jan-Feb;
[PubMed PMID: 26900382]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[48]
Rodríguez V,Rodden MF,LaRoche SM, Ictal-interictal continuum: A proposed treatment algorithm. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2016 Apr;
[PubMed PMID: 26971489]
[49]
Tchapyjnikov D,Luedke MW, Cefepime-Induced Encephalopathy and Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus: Dispelling an Artificial Dichotomy. The Neurohospitalist. 2019 Apr;
[PubMed PMID: 30915188]
[50]
Claassen J,Hirsch LJ,Frontera JA,Fernandez A,Schmidt M,Kapinos G,Wittman J,Connolly ES,Emerson RG,Mayer SA, Prognostic significance of continuous EEG monitoring in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical care. 2006;
[PubMed PMID: 16627897]
[51]
Ruijter BJ,Keijzer HM,Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC,Blans MJ,Beishuizen A,Tromp SC,Scholten E,Horn J,van Rootselaar AF,Admiraal MM,van den Bergh WM,Elting JJ,Foudraine NA,Kornips FHM,van Kranen-Mastenbroek VHJM,Rouhl RPW,Thomeer EC,Moudrous W,Nijhuis FAP,Booij SJ,Hoedemaekers CWE,Doorduin J,Taccone FS,van der Palen J,van Putten MJAM,Hofmeijer J,TELSTAR Investigators., Treating Rhythmic and Periodic EEG Patterns in Comatose Survivors of Cardiac Arrest. The New England journal of medicine. 2022 Feb 24;
[PubMed PMID: 35196426]
[52]
Guberman A,Cantu-Reyna G,Stuss D,Broughton R, Nonconvulsive generalized status epilepticus: clinical features, neuropsychological testing, and long-term follow-up. Neurology. 1986 Oct;
[PubMed PMID: 3762932]
[53]
Lee SI, Nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Ictal confusion in later life. Archives of neurology. 1985 Aug;
[PubMed PMID: 4026612]
[54]
Shah AM,Vashi A,Jagoda A, Review article: Convulsive and non-convulsive status epilepticus: an emergency medicine perspective. Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA. 2009 Oct;
[PubMed PMID: 19840084]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence