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Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
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Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is a rapidly destructive, non-communicable microbial disease of the gingiva in the context of an impair ...
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Ameloblastoma
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Ameloblastomas are rare, odontogenic tumors derived from odontogenic ectoderm. Ameloblastomas represent about 1% of all jaw tumors, but they are the s ...
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Angular Chelitis
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Angular cheilitis describes an inflammatory skin process of variable etiology occurring at the labial commissure, the angle of the mouth. It is usuall ...
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Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie)
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Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a condition that impairs tongue movement due to a restrictive lingual frenulum. Multiple specialties withi ...
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Apical Periodontitis
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Apical periodontitis is the local inflammation of the periapical tissues that originate from pulp disease. It may occur due to the advancement of dent ...
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Avulsed Tooth
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Dentoalveolar trauma injuries are caused by an external impact on the teeth, palate, mandible, maxilla, and gingiva. These injuries can result in anyt ...
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Bacterial Infections of the Oral Mucosa
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Bacterial lesions of the oral mucosa can originate anywhere in the oral cavity and are usually the first sign of the condition. In the initial phase, ...
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Benign Chronic White Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
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White lesions discovered upon routine oral examination can range from benign processes to invasive malignancies. It is prudent for the clinician to co ...
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8 |
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Bisphosphonate Related Jaw Osteonecrosis
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Bisphosphonates are synthetic pyrophosphate analogs used to treat hypercalcemia secondary to bone resorption conditions such as malignancy, osteoporos ...
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Bruxism Management
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Bruxism can be defined as the involuntary, unconscious, and excessive grinding of teeth. Bruxism may occur while awake, and it is then called wakeful ...
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Burning Mouth Syndrome
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Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by burning pain in a normal-appearing oral mucosa lasting at least four to six months. The condition is ...
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Cheilitis
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Cheilitis is an inflammation of the lips. It may be acute or chronic, involving the vermilion and/or surrounding skin of one or both lips. It is a fre ...
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Cheilitis Granulomatosa
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Cheilitis granulomatosa (CG) is a rare granulomatous disorder characterized by a recurrent firm swelling of one or both lips. This is called the cheil ...
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Cicatricial Pemphigoid
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Cicatricial pemphigoid is a rare, chronic autoimmune blistering disorder which can produce scarring. It can affect the skin, the mucous membranes, or ...
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Cleft Lip
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Cleft lip deformity is one of the most common congenital deformities, and management requires an interprofessional approach to address the physical cl ...
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Deep Neck Infections
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Deep neck infections are a serious but treatable group of infections affecting the deep cervical space and characterized by rapid progression and life ...
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Dental Abscess
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Dental infections, while relatively straightforward regarding diagnosis and access, can be challenging to manage acutely. Dental abscesses or periapic ...
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6 |
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Dental Caries
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Dental caries is a common chronic infectious resulting from tooth-adherent cariogenic bacteria, primarily Streptococcus Mutans, which metabolize sugar ...
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Dental Caries Diagnostic Testing
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To provide the most accurate and efficient treatment, dental practitioners utilize various diagnostic tests. A visual-tactile examination allows for a ...
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Dental Emergencies
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While there are numerous dental-related patient complaints and clinical diagnoses, healthcare providers must be able to recognize and treat dental eme ...
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Dental Fluorosis
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Dental fluorosis is a common condition that can affect both the primary and permanent dentition. It is a chronological hypomineralization caused by ex ...
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Dental Impression Materials
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Impression materials are used to copy the teeth and surrounding oral structures by creating a dental impression poured with dental plaster to fabricat ...
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Dental Infections
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Dental infections originate in the tooth or its supporting structures and can spread to the surrounding tissue. Dental infections were, historically, ...
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Developmental Disturbances of the Teeth, Anomalies of Number
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Developmental disturbances in teeth can result in various clinical presentations, one of them being a change in the number of teeth present in the pri ...
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Developmental Disturbances of the Teeth, Anomalies of Shape and Size
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Disturbances during the normal development of the dentition can result in a variety of clinical presentations, namely changes in the size and shape of ...
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Developmental Disturbances of the Teeth, Anomalies of Structure
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Developmental disturbances in teeth can result in different clinical presentations, one being a change in the structure of teeth which may present in ...
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Diet and Nutrition to Prevent Dental Problems
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Dental caries occur when the demineralization of the enamel exceeds its demineralization capacity. Dental caries is a dynamic process that involves su ...
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Drug-Induced Gingival Overgrowth
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Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO), also referred to as drug-induced gingival enlargement, and previously known as drug-induced gingival hyperpla ...
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9 |
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EBV Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) are a spectrum of diseases that range from self-limiting, localized cond ...
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Endodontic Materials Used To Fill Root Canals
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Root canal therapy is performed to remove affected dental pulp tissue, clean and disinfect the root canal system, and ultimately seal the canal system ...
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Excessive Gingival Display
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Modern society emphasizes attractiveness. A well-balanced smile plays a crucial role in self-esteem and social integration. Excessive gingival display ...
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Geographic Tongue
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Geographic tongue is a benign chronic relapsing recurring inflammatory condition of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. This activity reviews the eva ...
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Gingivitis
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Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition of the gingival tissue most commonly caused by bacterial infection. Unlike periodontitis, there is no attachme ...
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Glass Ionomer Cement
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Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a self-adhesive restorative material. Chemically, it is a combination of fluoro-aluminosilicate glass powder and polyacr ...
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Glossectomy
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Glossectomy is a term used to describe a variety of procedures resulting in the surgical extirpation of part, or all, of the tongue. Glossectomy is mo ...
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Glossitis
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Glossitis refers to inflammation of the tongue and has numerous potential etiologies. While most causes are benign or idiopathic, glossitis can be the ...
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Halitosis
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Halitosis is a term coined from the merger of the Latin halitus (breath) and Greek osis (pathological process) to describe a condition that meant an u ...
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Infraorbital Nerve Block
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Nerve blocks are useful for providing anesthesia to a specific area of the body. Regional nerve blocks offer many advantages over local tissue infiltr ...
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Lichen Planus Erosive Form
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Erosive lichen planus (ELP) is a variant of lichen planus which involves chronic and painful ulceration of the skin and mucosal surfaces. ELP is thoug ...
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Lidocaine
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Lidocaine is a local anesthetic agent commonly used for local and topic anesthesia, but it also has antiarrhythmic, and analgesic uses and can be used ...
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Ludwig Angina
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Ludwig angina is life-threatening cellulitis of the soft tissue involving the floor of the mouth and neck. Ludwig angina involves 3 compartments of th ...
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Mandible Body Fracture
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The fracture of the body of the mandible accounts for almost 11% to 36% of all the mandibular fractures. This activity describes the evaluation and ma ...
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Mandible Dislocation
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Temporal mandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation, or mandibular dislocation, can present as bilateral or unilateral displacement of the mandibular condyle ...
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Mandible Fracture
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Mandible is one of the most commonly fractured facial bone and is frequently seen in the emergency department. This activity reviews the anatomy of th ...
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Mandible Osteoradionecrosis
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Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the mandible is a severe iatrogenic disease of devitalized bone caused by radiation therapy of oral and oropharyngeal canc ...
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Maxillary Sinus Fracture
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Maxillary sinus fractures (MSFs) are most commonly caused by blunt force trauma to the face. Depending on the magnitude and location of the direct inj ...
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Mental Nerve Block
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The mental nerve supplies sensation to the lower lip, buccal mucosa, and skin of the chin ventral to the mental foramen. Mental nerve blocks allow for ...
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Mucocele and Ranula
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Mucoceles and ranulas result when there is a disruption of the flow of secretions of the salivary glands mostly due to trauma and present as asymptoma ...
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Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases
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Necrotizing periodontal diseases (NPDs) encompass necrotizing gingivitis (NG), necrotizing periodontitis (NP), necrotizing stomatitis (NS), and in ext ...
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Odontogenic Cysts
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Odontogenic cysts are frequently identified on routine examinations with head and neck imaging such as orthopantomograms and computed tomography (CT). ...
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Odontogenic Orofacial Space Infections
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Odontogenic and orofacial infections are rare but important sequelae of dental infections. Dental care and the evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of ...
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5 |
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Oral Candidiasis
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Oral candidiasis is an infection of the oral cavity by Candida albicans. The condition is generally obtained secondary to immune suppression, which ca ...
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11 |
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Oral Cutaneous Fistula
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Oral cutaneous fistula (OCF) is a rare extraoral path of infection that communicates the oral cavity and the skin. Chronic dental infections, trauma, ...
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Oral Hemangiomas
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Oral hemangiomas are benign tumors that develop in and around the oral cavity due to endothelial cell proliferation. The majority of oral hemangiomas ...
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Oral Leukoplakia
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Oral leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque that develops in the oral cavity. The condition is potentially malignant and is strongly associated with t ...
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Oral Melanoacanthoma
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Oral melanoacanthoma is a rare, benign, and clinically suspicious appearing lesion that may perplex the unsuspecting clinician. It varies in clinical ...
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Oral Melanoma
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Oral melanoma is a very rare malignancy that progresses rapidly and proves to be particularly aggressive. The clinical aspect of oral melanoma is vari ...
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Oral Mucosa Cancer
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Oral mucosal cancer is cancer that arises from the lining (mucosa) of the oral cavity. The main risk factors are smoking and alcohol consumption. The ...
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Oral Mucositis
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Oral mucositis is a severely debilitating condition characterized by erythema, edema, and ulcerations of the oral mucosa. It is a complication of radi ...
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Oral Surgery, Extraction of Mandibular Third Molars
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Mandibular third molars are often closely associated with the inferior alveolar nerve, which supplies sensation to the lower face. Temporary paraesthe ...
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Oral Surgery, Extraction of Roots
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Retained dental roots arise most commonly due to prior dental extraction procedures, during which they are intentionally or unintentionally left behin ...
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Oral Surgery, Extraction of Teeth
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The extraction of teeth is one of the fundamental treatments provided by dentists. Dental extractions may be simple (i.e., non-surgical) in nature, or ...
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Oral Surgery, Instruments
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Oral surgical procedures involve the use of numerous instruments. Each has its specific use, and multiple instruments are often required during a sing ...
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Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, commonly known as throat cancer or tonsil cancer, is a type of head and neck cancer that refers to the cancer o ...
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Osteoradionecrosis
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Treatment of malignancies with ionizing radiation has saved countless lives in the past 50 years. However, a small percentage of patients treated with ...
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Palatal and Gingival Cysts of the Newborn
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Epstein pearls, Bohn nodules, and gingival cyst of the newborn (dental lamina cyst) are peculiarly similar lesions that have been confused and interch ...
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Pamidronate
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Pamidronate is a medication used in the management and treatment of moderate or severe hypercalcemia of malignancy, moderate to severe Paget disease o ...
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Parotid Cancer
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Salivary gland tumors are characterized by diverse histological appearances and variable biological behavior. The distinction between tumor types can ...
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Parotidectomy
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Parotidectomy is a common procedure in head and neck surgery. An appropriate incision and identification of multiple anatomical landmarks are necessar ...
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Pathologic Manifestations of Smokeless Tobacco
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Smokeless tobacco use can result in a variety of different pathological processes manifesting within the oral cavity. These lesions are discussed thro ...
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Pediatric Facial Trauma
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Pediatric facial trauma includes blunt and penetrating trauma to the structures of the face in patients ages less than 18 years. This article primaril ...
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Periodontal Abscess
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Periodontal abscesses are a common and painful dental emergency resulting from bacterial accumulation or foreign body impaction in periodontal pockets ...
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Physical and Chemical Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
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Physical and chemical lesions of the oral cavity are oftentimes discovered during routine examination and are a common finding as the oral cavity is c ...
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Pierre Robin Syndrome
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Pierre Robin sequence is a constellation of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and upper airway obstruction. It is a clinical diagnosis that can range in sev ...
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Pleomorphic Adenoma
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Pleomorphic adenoma, the most common salivary gland tumor, is also known as benign mixed tumors (BMT's), because of its dual origin from epithelial an ...
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Premalignant Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
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Premalignant lesions of the oral cavity encompass a broad range of pathology and are often comorbid in a variety of patient populations. Prompt diagno ...
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Preventing Cross-Infection in the Dental Office
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In the dental setting, infectious agents can be transmitted by inhalation, injection, ingestion, or contact with mucosa or skin. Infection prevention ...
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Pyogenic Granuloma
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Pyogenic granuloma, sometimes known as granuloma pyogenicum, refers to a common, acquired, benign vascular tumor that arises in tissues such as the sk ...
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Remineralization of Initial Carious Lesions
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Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease worldwide. The condition courses its early stages silently. The first clinical sign is a white spo ...
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Retrognathia
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Retrognathia is a term used to describe a mandible that is posterior to and behind where it should be when viewed from a lateral vantage point. Retrog ...
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Sialolithiasis
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Sialolithiasis is the most frequent cause of salivary gland swelling, affecting the major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glan ...
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Stability in Mandibular Denture
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In an individual's life, teeth play an indispensable role as their loss may affect not only the function but also the aesthetics. The success of the m ...
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Stainless Steel Crowns in Primary Dentition
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It has been documented that full coronal coverage improves the structural integrity of the tooth and the longevity of the restoration in primary teeth ...
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Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis Prophylaxis
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Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the endocardial surfaces of the heart, which includes one or more heart valves. The incidence of infect ...
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Temporomandibular Syndrome
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Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) refers to a group of conditions involving the orofacial region divided into those affecting the masticatory muscles a ...
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The Role of Fluoride on Caries Prevention
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Although dental caries is the most common disease affecting 60-90% of the population worldwide, it is a non-communicable disease that is preventable i ...
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Tongue Cancer
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Tongue cancer is one of the most common sites of head and neck malignancy. Smoking, drinking alcohol, and, more recently, human papilloma virus infect ...
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Tongue Laceration
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The tongue is a muscular organ that plays a central role in a person’s ability to communicate and to experience food via taste, chewing and swallowing ...
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Tooth Fracture
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Tooth fracture usually occurs due to traumatic injuries to the teeth and oral structures. The predominant clinical features are sensitivity and pain i ...
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Trismus
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Trismus is commonly referred to as lockjaw and is usually due to sustained tetanic spasms of the muscles of mastication. Although it was initially des ...
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