[1]
Schmidt MI, Hadji-Georgopoulos A, Rendell M, Margolis S, Kowarski A. The dawn phenomenon, an early morning glucose rise: implications for diabetic intraday blood glucose variation. Diabetes care. 1981 Nov-Dec:4(6):579-85
[PubMed PMID: 6751733]
[2]
Rybicka M, Krysiak R, Okopień B. The dawn phenomenon and the Somogyi effect - two phenomena of morning hyperglycaemia. Endokrynologia Polska. 2011:62(3):276-84
[PubMed PMID: 21717414]
[3]
Boden G, Chen X, Urbain JL. Evidence for a circadian rhythm of insulin sensitivity in patients with NIDDM caused by cyclic changes in hepatic glucose production. Diabetes. 1996 Aug:45(8):1044-50
[PubMed PMID: 8690150]
[4]
Perriello G, Pampanelli S, Del Sindaco P, Lalli C, Ciofetta M, Volpi E, Santeusanio F, Brunetti P, Bolli GB. Evidence of increased systemic glucose production and gluconeogenesis in an early stage of NIDDM. Diabetes. 1997 Jun:46(6):1010-6
[PubMed PMID: 9166673]
[5]
Radziuk J, Pye S. Diurnal rhythm in endogenous glucose production is a major contributor to fasting hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Suprachiasmatic deficit or limit cycle behaviour? Diabetologia. 2006 Jul:49(7):1619-28
[PubMed PMID: 16752180]
[6]
Carroll MF, Schade DS. The dawn phenomenon revisited: implications for diabetes therapy. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2005 Jan-Feb:11(1):55-64
[PubMed PMID: 16033737]
[7]
Campbell PJ, Bolli GB, Cryer PE, Gerich JE. Pathogenesis of the dawn phenomenon in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Accelerated glucose production and impaired glucose utilization due to nocturnal surges in growth hormone secretion. The New England journal of medicine. 1985 Jun 6:312(23):1473-9
[PubMed PMID: 2859524]
[8]
Peng F, Li X, Xiao F, Zhao R, Sun Z. Circadian clock, diurnal glucose metabolic rhythm, and dawn phenomenon. Trends in neurosciences. 2022 Jun:45(6):471-482. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.010. Epub 2022 Apr 21
[PubMed PMID: 35466006]
[9]
Monnier L, Colette C, Dejager S, Owens D. Magnitude of the dawn phenomenon and its impact on the overall glucose exposure in type 2 diabetes: is this of concern? Diabetes care. 2013 Dec:36(12):4057-62. doi: 10.2337/dc12-2127. Epub 2013 Oct 29
[PubMed PMID: 24170753]
[10]
Lindmeyer AM, Meier JJ, Nauck MA. Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Treated with Insulin Pumps Need Widely Heterogeneous Basal Rate Profiles Ranging from Negligible to Pronounced Diurnal Variability. Journal of diabetes science and technology. 2021 Nov:15(6):1262-1272. doi: 10.1177/1932296820949939. Epub 2020 Aug 18
[PubMed PMID: 32806947]
[11]
Monnier L, Colette C, Dejager S, Owens D. The dawn phenomenon in type 2 diabetes: how to assess it in clinical practice? Diabetes & metabolism. 2015 Apr:41(2):132-7. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2014.10.002. Epub 2014 Nov 6
[PubMed PMID: 25457475]
[12]
Hirsch IB, Bode BW, Garg S, Lane WS, Sussman A, Hu P, Santiago OM, Kolaczynski JW, Insulin Aspart CSII/MDI Comparison Study Group. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) of insulin aspart versus multiple daily injection of insulin aspart/insulin glargine in type 1 diabetic patients previously treated with CSII. Diabetes care. 2005 Mar:28(3):533-8
[PubMed PMID: 15735183]
[13]
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, Peters AL, Tsapas A, Wender R, Matthews DR. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centred approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015 Mar:58(3):429-42. doi: 10.1007/s00125-014-3460-0. Epub 2015 Jan 13
[PubMed PMID: 25583541]
[14]
Wang JS, Lee IT, Lee WJ, Lin SD, Su SL, Tu ST, Lin SY, Sheu WH. The dawn phenomenon in type 2 diabetes: its association with glucose excursions and changes after oral glucose-lowering drugs. Therapeutic advances in chronic disease. 2021:12():20406223211033674. doi: 10.1177/20406223211033674. Epub 2021 Aug 10
[PubMed PMID: 34394904]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[15]
Monnier L, Colette C, Dunseath GJ, Owens DR. The loss of postprandial glycemic control precedes stepwise deterioration of fasting with worsening diabetes. Diabetes care. 2007 Feb:30(2):263-9
[PubMed PMID: 17259492]
[16]
Riddle MC, Ambrosius WT, Brillon DJ, Buse JB, Byington RP, Cohen RM, Goff DC Jr, Malozowski S, Margolis KL, Probstfield JL, Schnall A, Seaquist ER, Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Investigators. Epidemiologic relationships between A1C and all-cause mortality during a median 3.4-year follow-up of glycemic treatment in the ACCORD trial. Diabetes care. 2010 May:33(5):983-90. doi: 10.2337/dc09-1278. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 20427682]
[17]
Eeg-Olofsson K, Cederholm J, Nilsson PM, Zethelius B, Svensson AM, Gudbjörnsdóttir S, Eliasson B. New aspects of HbA1c as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR). Journal of internal medicine. 2010 Nov:268(5):471-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02265.x. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 20804517]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence